Saturday, May 21, 2016
Friday, May 20, 2016
Thursday, May 19, 2016
CWR: Fr. Alexis Toth, Bishop John Ireland, and the Grace of Reconciliation by Anthony E. Clark, Ph.D.
The history of the "two lungs" of the Catholic Church in the United States has been marked, at times, by acrimony, misunderstanding, and controversy.
The history of the "two lungs" of the Catholic Church in the United States has been marked, at times, by acrimony, misunderstanding, and controversy.
Wednesday, May 18, 2016
CWR Blog: St. Thomas Aquinas and St. John Paul II's Theology of the Body by Daniel Blackman
A new book by Dominican priest and theologian Fr. Thomas Petri focuses on the Thomistic background and roots of the late Polish pontiff's challenging catechesis on sexuality, marriage, and personhood.
A new book by Dominican priest and theologian Fr. Thomas Petri focuses on the Thomistic background and roots of the late Polish pontiff's challenging catechesis on sexuality, marriage, and personhood.
CWR: Lord, Not Legend: A Review of Brant Pitre’s The Case for Jesus by Dr. Leroy Huizenga
The new book by a notable young Scripture scholar addresses both the dominant paradigm in academic biblical studies and the more popular errors about Jesus and the New Testament.
The new book by a notable young Scripture scholar addresses both the dominant paradigm in academic biblical studies and the more popular errors about Jesus and the New Testament.
Divine Mercy Icon
Done by Pachomius Meade, O.S.B., featured on the cover of the April 2016 issue of Give Us This Day. (Reproductions available through Printery House.) I should take that issue and compare it with the April 2016 issue of Magnificat.
Tuesday, May 17, 2016
Related to the Problem of Orthodox Youth Losing their Faith
Just saw this last night: Is It Time to Do Away with Liturgical Greek? by Andrew F. Estocin (pravmir)
Monday, May 16, 2016
Chiesa: Francis: “I Can Say: Yes. Period”
This is how the pope responded to the question of whether something has changed with respect to the previous discipline on communion for the divorced and remarried. A Dominican theologian explains what this innovation is. But how will it be put into practice?
This is how the pope responded to the question of whether something has changed with respect to the previous discipline on communion for the divorced and remarried. A Dominican theologian explains what this innovation is. But how will it be put into practice?
Justification and Righteousness
Pravoslavie: Those Whom He Justified He Glorified: Paul’s Argument in Romans 1:17-3:31 by Seraphim Hamilton (original)
Sunday, May 15, 2016
Chiesa: Yes, No, I Don’t Know, You Figure It Out. The Fluid Magisterium of Pope Francis
He never says all that he has in mind, he just leaves it to guesswork. He allows everything to be brought up again for discussion. Thus everything becomes a matter of opinion, in a Church where everyone does what he wants
Reminds me of a piece by Carl Olson, the link to which I posted here.
See also: Pope's Forte: Spilling the Beans
He never says all that he has in mind, he just leaves it to guesswork. He allows everything to be brought up again for discussion. Thus everything becomes a matter of opinion, in a Church where everyone does what he wants
Reminds me of a piece by Carl Olson, the link to which I posted here.
See also: Pope's Forte: Spilling the Beans
Saturday, May 14, 2016
Wonder
and disordered self-love? Does the movie exalt the protagonist's desire to complete the mission or excoriate him?
The Other Recent Latin Volume of Essays on Theosis
Edited by Andrew Hofer, O.P. - Divinization: Becoming Icons of Christ Through the Liturgy -- is available for preview on Google.
Jared Ortiz wrote this review of the book for CWR.
Jared Ortiz wrote this review of the book for CWR.
Social Justice is Legal Justice
What Exactly Is Social Justice? by Carrie Gress
Pope Pius XI Defined the New Virtue, Focusing on the Common Good, in 1931
Social Justice Isn't What You Think It Is by Michael Novak and Paul Adams, Encounter Books
Parts of it may actually be good even though Novak is a liberal, i.e. a supporter of capitalism.
Pope Pius XI Defined the New Virtue, Focusing on the Common Good, in 1931
Social Justice Isn't What You Think It Is by Michael Novak and Paul Adams, Encounter Books
Parts of it may actually be good even though Novak is a liberal, i.e. a supporter of capitalism.
Friday, May 13, 2016
Interview with David Meconi, SJ
Zenit: INTERVIEW: Humans Become God? Yes, It’s Catholic Theology
A dozen Catholic scholars and theologians examine what the process of “deification” means in their respective areas of study
Kathleen Naab
A dozen Catholic scholars and theologians examine what the process of “deification” means in their respective areas of study
Kathleen Naab
Chiesa: Reading Exercises. The “Amoris Laetitia” of Cardinal Müller
In a monumental discourse in Spain, the prefect of the doctrine of the faith leads the post-synodal exhortation back to the course of the Church’s previous discipline. Too late. Because Francis has already written it so as to imply the opposite
In a monumental discourse in Spain, the prefect of the doctrine of the faith leads the post-synodal exhortation back to the course of the Church’s previous discipline. Too late. Because Francis has already written it so as to imply the opposite
Deaconesses and Women Deacons
Fr. Z: Francis and the Deaconesses… aka Deaconettes and Some feminine observations about deaconesses (aka deaconettes)
Rorate Caeli: For the Record: Pope on "Deaconess Commission", and clarification
ITC: From the Diakonia of Christ to the Diakonia of the Apostles*
Edit.
Pope Francis and the Matter of Female Deacons [Updated] by Carl Olson
Why must we continually revisit matters that have been addressed in detail and are, in many ways, already set to rest in terms of magisterial teaching?
Rorate Caeli: For the Record: Pope on "Deaconess Commission", and clarification
ITC: From the Diakonia of Christ to the Diakonia of the Apostles*
Edit.
Pope Francis and the Matter of Female Deacons [Updated] by Carl Olson
Why must we continually revisit matters that have been addressed in detail and are, in many ways, already set to rest in terms of magisterial teaching?
Thursday, May 12, 2016
The Lordship of God
At first I thought he might be referring to the kingdom of God. But the Latin tweet has "potentia," power of God.
Iesus, in caelum regressus, potentia Dei pollet, ubique nobis occurrit, in perpetuum nobis adest, numqam a nobis abest.
— Papa Franciscus (@Pontifex_ln) May 9, 2016
Which language is the normative one for papal Twitter utterances? The Spanish seems closer to the English:
Jesús, ascendido al cielo, está en el señorío de Dios, presente en todo espacio y tiempo, cerca de cada uno de nosotros.
— Papa Francisco (@Pontifex_es) May 9, 2016
Maybe they need a better Latinist doing the tweets in Latin.
Crux Now: New book says Vatican II key to understanding Pope Francis by John Allen
His pontificate isn't even over yet and still people are trying to analyze his actions. The author is on the staff of La Stampa, so another Bergoglio partisan?
Giacomo Galeazzi, Il Concilio di Papa Francesco: La Nuova Primavera della Chiesa
Il Concilio di papa Francesco: Nell’analisi di Giacomo Galeazzi il Pontefice realizza la «primavera della Chiesa»
His pontificate isn't even over yet and still people are trying to analyze his actions. The author is on the staff of La Stampa, so another Bergoglio partisan?
Giacomo Galeazzi, Il Concilio di Papa Francesco: La Nuova Primavera della Chiesa
Il Concilio di papa Francesco: Nell’analisi di Giacomo Galeazzi il Pontefice realizza la «primavera della Chiesa»
Wednesday, May 11, 2016
CWR: The History, Enemies, and Importance of Natural Law
Philosophy, says Dr. John Lawrence Hill, "played a fundamental role in my conversion to Christianity. I think most non-Christians—at least if they are thoughtful about these matters—really haven’t confronted themselves with the contradictions of their own worldview."
Philosophy, says Dr. John Lawrence Hill, "played a fundamental role in my conversion to Christianity. I think most non-Christians—at least if they are thoughtful about these matters—really haven’t confronted themselves with the contradictions of their own worldview."
The Necessity of Baptism for non-Orthodox Christians Converting to the Orthodox Church
An Orthodox makes the case...
Pravoslavie: The Recognition of the Baptism of the Heterodox as the Basis for a New Ecclesiology (In Step with Vatican II)
A paper delivered at the Theological-Academic Conference "The Great and Holy Council: Great Preparation without Expectations," March 23, 2016 in Piraeus, Greece
(via Byz, TX)
Pravoslavie: The Recognition of the Baptism of the Heterodox as the Basis for a New Ecclesiology (In Step with Vatican II)
A paper delivered at the Theological-Academic Conference "The Great and Holy Council: Great Preparation without Expectations," March 23, 2016 in Piraeus, Greece
(via Byz, TX)
Tuesday, May 10, 2016
What would Amerio say about Pope Francis?
Sandro Magister: Francis, Pope. More Infallible Than He There Is None
He displays a willingness to reconsider the dogma of infallibility. But in reality he is vesting full power in himself much more than his immediate predecessors did. And he is acting as an absolute monarch
He displays a willingness to reconsider the dogma of infallibility. But in reality he is vesting full power in himself much more than his immediate predecessors did. And he is acting as an absolute monarch
BCC News
Vatican statement
From the Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Parm:
Pope Accepts Retirement of Bishop John M. Kudrick and Bishop Gerald N. Dino
May 7, 2016
PARMA, Ohio — Pope Francis has accepted the retirement of Bishop John M. Kudrick of the Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Parma and has named Archbishop William C. Skurla of Pittsburgh as apostolic administrator.
Further, Pope Francis has accepted the retirement of Bishop Gerald N. Dino of the Byzantine Catholic Holy Protection of Mary Eparchy of Phoenix and appointed Bishop John S. Pazak C.S.s.R., of the Eparchy of Sts. Cyril and Methodius, based in Toronto, Canada as Bishop of the Eparchy of Phoenix, while remaining apostolic administrator of the Toronto eparchy.
The clergy and faithful of the Eparchy of Parma are saddened by the unexpected news of Bishop Kudrick’s retirement. He was appreciated as a prayerful leader, who loved the Church and the Eastern Catholic Tradition. Among his accomplishments, he showed great pastoral vision in trying to restore Eastern monasticism by establishing a women’s monastery in the eparchy. He also created a new pastoral plan, aimed at invigorating parishes and encouraging efforts for evangelization.
Bishop Kudrick was ordained the fourth bishop of Parma in 2002. Born in Lloydell, Pa., in 1947, he was ordained a priest in 1975 for the Third Order Regular of St. Francis (Franciscan Friars, T.O.R.) in Loretto, PA. He was incardinated in the Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Pittsburgh in 1987, serving in Pennsylvania until his episcopal appointment to Parma. He was 68 at the time of his resignation.
Archbishop Skurla is the Metropolitan of the Byzantine Catholic Church in the United States since 2012. Born in 1956, he was ordained a priest for the Order of Friars Minor (Franciscans) in 1987, and was incardinated in the Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Van Nuys (western U.S.A.) in 1993. He was ordained bishop of the same eparchy in 2002, and appointed bishop of the Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Passaic five years later. He was named the fifth archbishop of Pittsburgh in 2012.
The Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Parma includes 12 states in the American Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Ohio and Wisconsin. It was established in 1969. Today, it provides ministry and pastoral care to some 8,000 faithful in about 30 parishes and missions.
More information to follow.
Media contact:
Father Andrew Summerson
216-212-0295
frasummerson@parma.org
Message from Bishop Emeritus John M. Kudrick
Message from Metropolitan William C. Skurla
Bishop John Stephen Pažak, C.SS.R.
USCCB
CCCB
The Catholic Sun
NCReg
CNA
From the Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Parm:
Pope Accepts Retirement of Bishop John M. Kudrick and Bishop Gerald N. Dino
May 7, 2016
PARMA, Ohio — Pope Francis has accepted the retirement of Bishop John M. Kudrick of the Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Parma and has named Archbishop William C. Skurla of Pittsburgh as apostolic administrator.
Further, Pope Francis has accepted the retirement of Bishop Gerald N. Dino of the Byzantine Catholic Holy Protection of Mary Eparchy of Phoenix and appointed Bishop John S. Pazak C.S.s.R., of the Eparchy of Sts. Cyril and Methodius, based in Toronto, Canada as Bishop of the Eparchy of Phoenix, while remaining apostolic administrator of the Toronto eparchy.
The clergy and faithful of the Eparchy of Parma are saddened by the unexpected news of Bishop Kudrick’s retirement. He was appreciated as a prayerful leader, who loved the Church and the Eastern Catholic Tradition. Among his accomplishments, he showed great pastoral vision in trying to restore Eastern monasticism by establishing a women’s monastery in the eparchy. He also created a new pastoral plan, aimed at invigorating parishes and encouraging efforts for evangelization.
Bishop Kudrick was ordained the fourth bishop of Parma in 2002. Born in Lloydell, Pa., in 1947, he was ordained a priest in 1975 for the Third Order Regular of St. Francis (Franciscan Friars, T.O.R.) in Loretto, PA. He was incardinated in the Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Pittsburgh in 1987, serving in Pennsylvania until his episcopal appointment to Parma. He was 68 at the time of his resignation.
Archbishop Skurla is the Metropolitan of the Byzantine Catholic Church in the United States since 2012. Born in 1956, he was ordained a priest for the Order of Friars Minor (Franciscans) in 1987, and was incardinated in the Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Van Nuys (western U.S.A.) in 1993. He was ordained bishop of the same eparchy in 2002, and appointed bishop of the Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Passaic five years later. He was named the fifth archbishop of Pittsburgh in 2012.
The Byzantine Catholic Eparchy of Parma includes 12 states in the American Midwest: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota, Ohio and Wisconsin. It was established in 1969. Today, it provides ministry and pastoral care to some 8,000 faithful in about 30 parishes and missions.
More information to follow.
Media contact:
Father Andrew Summerson
216-212-0295
frasummerson@parma.org
Message from Bishop Emeritus John M. Kudrick
Message from Metropolitan William C. Skurla
Bishop John Stephen Pažak, C.SS.R.
USCCB
CCCB
The Catholic Sun
NCReg
CNA
Monday, May 09, 2016
The fundamental patriarchical structure of the family is sanctioned by Sacred Tradition; but what of the division of sex roles in broader human society? If the delineation of sex roles is not to be found in Sacred Scripture (though it is found with respect to the ordained ministry in the New Testament and also with respect to Jewish society in the Old Testament), is there anything in tradition that condemns it or the principles for the division of sex roles? If not, then on what basis can bishops do so now, other than based on their interpretation of natural law (i.e. "justice" or "equality")?
ON NATURE & THE ECONOMY OF GRACE by Raymond T. Gawronski
Some pedestalizing:
"First, we must ask why God came as a male, not as a female. Although in the last few years I confess I have had reason to entertain doubts, and at the risk of seeming patronizing, I have always suspected it is because men are more in need of salvation than women."
And then...
"In the traditional Catholic understanding, "grace builds on nature without destroying it." So it is no surprise to discover that built into the very nature of things, as revealed in Genesis, is a way of salvation for the male and for the female. Genesis seems to see Adam as basically lazy—he would rather listen to Eve, and enjoy forbidden fruits with her, say, than deny her in the Garden—and so his healing punishment is to till the earth with difficulty, to gather the fruits of the earth from the sweat of his brow."
But the laziness is an archetypical weakness, a characteristic vice, given that men are created to lead, at least within the family and arguably within the political community, and to act in the world. In his sin, Adam fails to assert the authority he is called to exercise. It is not just a way of salvation than a healing of our sin and enabling us to do properly what we have been called to do.
ON NATURE & THE ECONOMY OF GRACE by Raymond T. Gawronski
Some pedestalizing:
"First, we must ask why God came as a male, not as a female. Although in the last few years I confess I have had reason to entertain doubts, and at the risk of seeming patronizing, I have always suspected it is because men are more in need of salvation than women."
And then...
"In the traditional Catholic understanding, "grace builds on nature without destroying it." So it is no surprise to discover that built into the very nature of things, as revealed in Genesis, is a way of salvation for the male and for the female. Genesis seems to see Adam as basically lazy—he would rather listen to Eve, and enjoy forbidden fruits with her, say, than deny her in the Garden—and so his healing punishment is to till the earth with difficulty, to gather the fruits of the earth from the sweat of his brow."
But the laziness is an archetypical weakness, a characteristic vice, given that men are created to lead, at least within the family and arguably within the political community, and to act in the world. In his sin, Adam fails to assert the authority he is called to exercise. It is not just a way of salvation than a healing of our sin and enabling us to do properly what we have been called to do.
Sunday, May 08, 2016
Saturday, May 07, 2016
CWR Blog: Why is this non-Catholic scholar debunking "centuries of anti-Catholic history"?
An interview with Dr. Rodney Stark, sociologist and author of "Bearing False Witness"
May 07, 2016 03:21 EST
Carl E. Olson
An interview with Dr. Rodney Stark, sociologist and author of "Bearing False Witness"
May 07, 2016 03:21 EST
Carl E. Olson
Rorate Caeli: De Mattei - The current crisis in the context of Church history
Roberto de Mattei
Speech, Roman Life Forum 2016
May 6, 2016
Roberto de Mattei
Speech, Roman Life Forum 2016
May 6, 2016
Friday, May 06, 2016
Thursday, May 05, 2016
Chiesa: Instructions For Not Losing the Way in the Labyrinth of “Amoris Lætitia”
Intentionally written in a vague form, the post-synodal exhortation allows two opposite ways out. A Dominican theologian indicates the right one here. As in a little catechism, for the use of priests and faithful
Intentionally written in a vague form, the post-synodal exhortation allows two opposite ways out. A Dominican theologian indicates the right one here. As in a little catechism, for the use of priests and faithful
Wednesday, May 04, 2016
Chiesa: Jews. The Discord of the Four Brothers
They celebrated Passover together, but then they went their separate ways again. The four subgroups of the Jews of Israel analyzed for the first time in depth by the Pew Research Center in Washington
They celebrated Passover together, but then they went their separate ways again. The four subgroups of the Jews of Israel analyzed for the first time in depth by the Pew Research Center in Washington
Tuesday, May 03, 2016
A Taxonomy of Latin Catholics
Christian Order: On Doctrinal and Moral Disorders Abiding in the Church
Father John A. Hardon's 1990 Commentaries on the “Revised Draft” of the Catholic Catechism
Part 2
Was Fr. Hardon a Latin traditionalist? Perhaps not liturgically, as the author of the above recognizes. (I am not sure if Fr. Hardon had a published opinion on the EF.) But theologically, he was conservative and probably upheld some form of neo-scholasticism in addition to Thomism. As one can see, he criticizes certain points of the CCC based on the Council of Trent (accepted by Fr. Hardon as an ecumenical council) -- the same sort of mindset exhibited by Latin traditionalists which would criticize the judgment that the Liturgy of Addai and Mari, lacking an Institution Narrative, is invalid.
What should we call the position held by Fr. Hardon, Latin traditionalists, and probably many "conservative" Latin Catholics as well? Tridentine Latin Christianity?
Father John A. Hardon's 1990 Commentaries on the “Revised Draft” of the Catholic Catechism
Part 2
Was Fr. Hardon a Latin traditionalist? Perhaps not liturgically, as the author of the above recognizes. (I am not sure if Fr. Hardon had a published opinion on the EF.) But theologically, he was conservative and probably upheld some form of neo-scholasticism in addition to Thomism. As one can see, he criticizes certain points of the CCC based on the Council of Trent (accepted by Fr. Hardon as an ecumenical council) -- the same sort of mindset exhibited by Latin traditionalists which would criticize the judgment that the Liturgy of Addai and Mari, lacking an Institution Narrative, is invalid.
What should we call the position held by Fr. Hardon, Latin traditionalists, and probably many "conservative" Latin Catholics as well? Tridentine Latin Christianity?
Monday, May 02, 2016
Fr. Raymond Gawronski, SJ
I had not seen any photos of him celebrating Divine Liturgy in the Byzantine rite until now.
The Mysterious Mystery
Something written for the local Latin diocese on mystagogy. I saw a longer version two weekends ago in Palo Alto. In both versions the notion of "mystery" is related more to the Vatican I usage than to its use by St. Paul, especially the referent or denotation. I've seen plenty of RCIA/catechetical material using the word Mystery but not giving an explanation of what is meant by it, and this is rather disappointing though not surprising -- the expected renewal of theology at the popular level did not happen after Vatican II, despite all of the groundwork that was laid for it before the council. While God's love is a part of the Christian Mystery or the Mystery of Christ (or the Mystery of the Cross) -- not "Paschal" Mystery -- one is missing out on the kerygmatic proclamation that should be entailed by the use of the word if one focuses solely on His love or mercy.
Bouyer on the neologism "Paschal mystery"
The Christian Mystery
Bouyer on the neologism "Paschal mystery"
The Christian Mystery
Sunday, May 01, 2016
Marc Ouellet on Communion Ecclesiology
From 2012: The Ecclesiology of Communion, 50 Years after the Opening of Vatican Council II by by Marc Cardinal Ouellet
Saturday, April 30, 2016
Sons of God in the Son
Pravmir: We Must Learn to Become Partakers of the Life of Christ by Metropolitan Anthony of Sourozh
Friday, April 29, 2016
Chiesa: The German Option of the Argentine Pope
Cardinal Kasper and the progressive wing of the Church of Germany have gotten what they wanted. On communion for the divorced and remarried, Francis is on their side. He made up his mind a while ago, and has acted accordingly
Cardinal Kasper and the progressive wing of the Church of Germany have gotten what they wanted. On communion for the divorced and remarried, Francis is on their side. He made up his mind a while ago, and has acted accordingly
A Story with Many Facets
Our Lady of the Mount Anjara, Jordan - New Icons of the Mysteries of the Rosary, and a Miraculous Weeping Statue
The continued presence of the Roman rite in the Christian Near East; the IVE trying to get on the good side of Pope Francis; and the icons -- how acceptable would they be to an Eastern Christian, Byzantine or otherwise?
The continued presence of the Roman rite in the Christian Near East; the IVE trying to get on the good side of Pope Francis; and the icons -- how acceptable would they be to an Eastern Christian, Byzantine or otherwise?
Eastern Christian Books: Nicholas Denysenko on Liturgical Reform
Eastern Christian Books: Nicholas Denysenko on Liturgical Reform
Liturgical Reform after Vatican II: The Impact on Eastern Orthodoxy is another book from Fortress Press.
Related:
Fr. Lawrence Farley, Altar Girls
I now see one way in which Nicholas Denysenko is associated with Pray Tell....
Liturgical Reform after Vatican II: The Impact on Eastern Orthodoxy is another book from Fortress Press.
Related:
Fr. Lawrence Farley, Altar Girls
I now see one way in which Nicholas Denysenko is associated with Pray Tell....
Thursday, April 28, 2016
Not Just Scotland
CWR: Once deeply Catholic, modern Scotland needs a theological revival
From Saints Mungo and Margaret to writer George Mackay Brown, the Catholic roots of Scotland run deep, despite post-Reformation neglect.
By Tracey Rowland
On a recent trip to Scotland Bishop Gilbert of Aberdeen asked me whether I was familiar with the Scottish writer George Mackay Brown. I had to confess that I had never heard of him. A few days later I was rummaging through second-hand book stores searching for everything and anything by Mackay Brown.
From Saints Mungo and Margaret to writer George Mackay Brown, the Catholic roots of Scotland run deep, despite post-Reformation neglect.
By Tracey Rowland
On a recent trip to Scotland Bishop Gilbert of Aberdeen asked me whether I was familiar with the Scottish writer George Mackay Brown. I had to confess that I had never heard of him. A few days later I was rummaging through second-hand book stores searching for everything and anything by Mackay Brown.
Chastisement
With all our wealth and leisure, shouldn't we expect Latin clergy to be more knowledgeable in the "sacred languages" (and the Church Fathers) than their medieval predecessors. And yet most seminaries have no requirement for Latin or Greek (much less, Hebrew and Aramaic). What good is all of the economic advantages that the Western world has?
PhD programs still expect doctoral students to be trained to read texts in their original languages. Why shouldn't a more sizable number of Latin clergy be able to do so with respect to sacred scripture and the documents of the Church and the writings of the Church Fathers? Should we take the lack of standards as evidence of God's judgment?
PhD programs still expect doctoral students to be trained to read texts in their original languages. Why shouldn't a more sizable number of Latin clergy be able to do so with respect to sacred scripture and the documents of the Church and the writings of the Church Fathers? Should we take the lack of standards as evidence of God's judgment?
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